Ventilation



(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet l.

-W. T. UOTTIER. VENTILATION. No. 281,027." Patented July 10, 1883.

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(No Model.)

W. T. GOTTIER.

VENTILATION Patented July 10, 1883.

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VENTILATION. I No. 281,027. Patented July 10, 1883.

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UNITED STATES PATENT @rricn,

W'ILLIAM T. COTTIER, OF NAPA, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-HALF TO JOSEPH F.

VENTILATION.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters I-atent No. 281,027, dated July10, 1883,

(No model.)

1'0 all whom, it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM TALBOT Cor TIER, a citizen of the UnitedStates, and a resident of Napa city, in the ,county of Napa, in theState of California, have invented certain new and useful Improvementsin Ventilation, of which the following specification, with its drawings,is a full, clear, and exact description.

This invention relates to certain improve ments in the ventilation ofhalls, apartments,

, buildings generally a pneumatic system of p v entilation which acts inobedience tothe laws of neumatics, or to those natural laws that reg-u:late the movements of gaseous bodies, includ-i ing atmospheric air,without the agency of any heating apparatua-or of artificial heat as afactor; to do away with all devices that need troublesome or expensiveattention, thereby rendering the system perfectly automatic, and tocreate such constant downward and hori zontal drafts through gratings inrooms or spaces between the bowl and seat in water closets, and thensuch upward drafts through ducts as to remove the carbureted hydrogenand the sulphurets of ammonium and hydrogen from the water-closet asreadily and as thoroughly as carbonic-acid gas and other impurities areremoved by this system from the parlor, the audience-chamber, or thesleepingroom; further, to obtain and preserve an equable temperature ina building at all seasons of the year, whether its apartments be heatedby stoves, furnaces, or hot-water pipes, so that the same temperaturemay exist at the floor-level, practically speaking, which exists in thespace occupied by astanding person, or six feet above thefloor; and,further, to change the temperature of a room. readily without anydisagreeable drafts, and thus to equalize the heat of such room, so thatits occupants may experience nearly the same degree of warmth in any andevery portion of it.

-My invention consists in the particular features of construction andthe combination of parts adapted to accomplish the ends sought, as willbe more particularly explained hereinafter and specifically claimed.

This invention is an improvement upon a patent for ventilating anoutside or yard privy, issued to Elbert Eastmond and myself Jannary 11,187 (i. The ventilator to be used in connection with this ventilationwill be the one patented to me July 5, 1881. The expansion-chamber orvomitorium receives the aircurrents from the several air passages orducts, an d the higher temperature naturally produced of such airinsidethe chamber induces a steady and constant drai'tthrough suchpassages from the rooms; and another very important oiiice of thisintermediate receiving-chamber is to overcome and correct all tendencyto down ward currents of cold air from the exterior by interposing itslarge body of warmer air between the conducting-passages and the ventilator, whiclu'by its bulk and higher tempera ture, absorbs and warmssuch cold-air blasts or currents and reverses their direction, as willbe more fullyexplained by reference to the accompanying drawings, inwhich- Figure 1 is avertical cross-section of adwelling-house; Fig. 2,the same of a school-house; Fig, 3, a longitudinal section, and Fig. 4 across-section, of a railway-car; Figs. 5 and G, the same of a ship, andFig. '7 a vertical crosssection of a urinal. I

I am aware that when inside watenclosets illustrated by an Englishpatent to Kalb and Allsop, No. 316, January 27, 1873, and SmithsAmerican patent No. 136,105, February 18,

In all these cases (as 187 3, and hisreissue thereof, No. 9, 425,October 19, 1880,) it will be observed that the'required effect issought to be produced by making a tight joint between the receiver orbowl and the seat around the seat-opening, and connecting the lower partof the receiver or bowl, or the soilpipe below the bowl, with a verticalfine by means of a lateral passage or pipe, and which vertical flue,without interruption or change of size, extends directly up above theroof of the building. I am also aware that a method has been devised toventilate buildings or rooms by employing registers both at the top andbottom of each room, those at the bottom being in the floor and havingindependent horizontal pipes or ducts that lead to a single verticalfoul-air duet, which is inclosedby an exterior duct containing hot airfrom a furnace, the design of such arrangement being to induce in theinterior duct an upward current in the foul air from the rooms by thusheating it, and to hasten its discharge into the upper compartment ofthe hot-air chamber in'the attic, while the hot air in the exterior ductand the heated or warm air from the top of the room, after passingthrough registers near the ceiling into such exterior duct, are emptiedinto the lower compartment of such hot-air chamber, there being dampersprovided or placed in the partition between the two com-j partments, bywhich, under the charge of an attendant, the escape of heated airthrough a main ventilator on the roof may be arrested or controlled ascircumstances may seem to require. This is the subject-matter of apatent issued to Patrick Mihan, No; 151,997 ,June 16, 1874. I am furtheraware that air flues, ducts or passages have been connected withrooms,'either at the top or bottom, or both, and that artificial drafthas been produced through these ducts, fines, or passages by fan orother blast, or by connecting them with or placing them'in proximity toa chimney or other means of heating and inducing a draft, and I do notclaim, broadly, any of these devices; but these devices, althoughsomewhat similar in certain respects to this invention, differ 'verywidely from it. For instance, this invention, designed to ventilaterooms, inside water-closets, and various other places, has forits-essential features the interposition of a tight air chamber,receiver, or vomitorium of an enlarged area, as before described,situated in the attic, between the exterior ventilator and the severalpeculiarly-arranged air or draft passages or ducts which empty into suchchamber gratings let into the base boards of rooms, and, in the case ofinside water-closets, an open air-space between the seat and bowl, allconstituting arrangements not found in eonnection with those services. Adownward draft is maintained, in consequence of such arrangement, in allthe rooms, and a horizontal draft through the gratings in thebase-boards by the influence or agency of the upward draft in the airpassages or ducts leading from them, and

- plastering.

a like'dow-nward draft through the opening in the water-closet seat issimilarly maintained by the force of the upward draft in the airductleading from'such closet, the influence of which upward draft isextended through the open space between the bowl and seat, even upthrough the seat-opening into the water-closet room, as such open-airspace :bears the same relation to the bowl and other portions of thewater-closet as do the gratings in the baseboards to theapartments'generally. The downward and horizontal drafts in the roomsand through the gratings in the base-boards, and also in theseat-opening andspace between the seat and bowl, are measurablysuperindueed by the ventilator above the roof by the aid' it affords indrawing or sucking out the foul air or gases from the vomitoriums,wherebya par tial vacuum is created in them, and by which action oreffect strength-is addedto the up ward draft through the variousor-numerous air-ducts.

In-the drawings the various parts of" this invention are designated byletters as follows:

A represents rooms, apartments, halls, and

the interior of ships or of railway-cars to be ventilated; B,air'or'draft passages orducts; O, the expansion-chamber in e attic orunder the deck of ship orroof of railway-car, into which the airpassagesor ducts leading from rooms, the cabins or holds of ships, railwaycars,urinals, or inside water-closets open; D, the ventilator over the'outletfrom the expansion chamber or chambers; a, gratings for the impure airto escape fromrooms, ships, railway-cars, and other places into the airpassages or' ducts; b, partitions in the ducts B to keep the currents ofimpure air rising from a lower story from entering gratings a in anupper story, or to prevent gases from a waterclosetin a lowerstory fromentering those situated on stories above; E, water-closet room andbathroom combined, or either separately;

G, water-closet seat; I, seat=opening in watercloset seat; K,water-closet'bowl; M, separate expansion-chamber, if desired orrequired, for sewer-gases or other exhalations from the water-closet,such separate expansion-chambers to be provided with a separateventilator; N,

hood which overhangs or'partially covers a urinal; d, air-space betweenthe bowl and seat in an inside water-closet.

The air or draft passages or ducts B are 10- cated'withinthe outer wallsof the building,

or between the partition-walls of its several apartments A.- Thesepassages or ducts B should be as numerous as maybe deemed desirable ornecessary, and 4 may be arranged at will in the hollow spaces leftbetween'the outer and inner walls and the studding when constructingwooden buildings. In 'brick build ings they may be constructed in thewalls, or betweenthe inner surface of the walls and the The gratings a,opening into the severaldraft passages or ducts, areplaced in the innerwallsat' the floor-level, or in the allow such space (i to be formed orestablished,

'ets, or rooms E, in which such water-closets base-boards only, and maybe of any desired or necessary number. It has been ascertained byexperiment, however, that they should rather be numerous, and not verylarge, than few in number, andof correspondingly greater capacity, asthen .the movements of air in a room are likely to be more gentle anduniform, and consequently more agreeable. These gratings may be of anyornamental pattern'to suit different tastes. In buildings of more thanone story partitions b should be inserted in the air passages or ducts,to extend a short distance above the floor-level in upper stories, inorder that the foul air from below shall be conducted upward past thegratings cupon thefloor above, without interfering with the ventilationof the upper portion of the building'. \Vhen connected with insidewater-closare situated, these passages or ducts B should open below intoor connect with the air-space d, between the seat G and the bowl K. To

and thereby to efi ect such connection, which is indispensably necessaryfor conveying sewergas and other noxious gases from the bowl into suphventilating-ducts B, or any impure air from the water-closet room Ethrough the seatopening 1 into similar ducts, alike designated, the bowlK must not. in any case come up to the seat G. By this arrangement, asbefore explained, there is created and insured, under all conditions ofthe atmosphere, aided by the ventilator D, a constant downward draftthrough the seatopening I, a horizontal draft through the space 6?, andan upward draft through duct B. The ventilator acts much like anair-pump, by creating in the air-chamher or vomitorium a partial vacuum,-and in the duct B a strong upward current, thus inducing, necessarily,a downward draft through the seat-opening and ahorizontal draft throughthe space d, between the seat and bowl, thereby arresting all noxiousvapors and sewer-gas, which always tend to escape from the bowl throughthe seat-opening into the apartments of a building. By this downward andhorizontal draft (effects of the strong upward draft iii theventilating-duct B) these poisonous gases from the water-closet andsewer are defiected-and drawn upward into such ventilating-duct B, andthence through the expansion-chamber andthe ventilator into the openair. It will now be apparent that no downward and horizontal draftcommunicating with the duct B could be established if the seat and bowlwere hermetically sealed to each-other.

This invention does not interfere with or require the ordinary. trappingor other means; yet devised to prevent sewer-gas or efflux iaz from'cesspools from invading buildings.

foul air escaping from the rooms through the ducts is emptied into theexpansion-chamber C, while all sewer-gas or other exhalations from thewater-closets conveyed through separate ducts B are emptied into thesame chamher, 0, or into a separate expansion-chamber in the same attic,if such separate expansionchamber be preferred, each of such chambersbeing provided with a separate ventilator for the discharge of itscontents respectively. The higher temperature of the air or gas in theseexpansion-chambers, always naturally or incidentally produced-that is,without any special heating apparatussuperinduces by such condition aconstant upward draft from all the rooms and water-closets below underall conditions of the atmosphere. words, the comparatively warmertemperature and lighter specific gravity of the air or gases in thechambers, constituting by such qualitics apartial vacuum, cause anupward draft in the ducts B and induce the heavier vitiated air intherooms to seek egress through the gratings a, and the sewer-gas oreffluvia in the water-closets through the spaces d, and thence up suchducts into such vacuum, in obedience to the natural tendency of anyparticular fluid to an equilibrium of temperature and of density,finally to escape through the ventilator, and this without the use oraid of any surrounding heating ducts or supplemental artificiallyheatedchamber or heating apparatus or any other form of artificial draft.Neither regis ters nor dampers are necessary; nor should .there be anyopenings from the top of the room;

nor, further, should any expense be incurred in putting in pipes orducts, whether of metal or other material, as the spaces .formed orexisting between the outer and inner walls and the studding afford, aspreviously suggested,

proper and suitable passages, it only being necessary to make them tightand continuous to create or insure a perfect draft. There must be nooutlet-gratings, except those at "the floor-level or in the base boards,although transoms over the doors are permi tted, besides such othermeans or provision as may be found necessary to supply fresh air to therooms from the outside of the building or from its halls, no suchprovision for ingress being al lowed, however, to connect or tointerfere with any of the air-ducts B. It should be understood that theentire attic is not always used as a voluitorium. The entire space undera be needed for other purposes; but in a modern dwelling, where it maybe desirable to finish off portions of the attic for storagerooms orsleepingapartments, then only the remaining space in the upper part ofit is used for such vomitorium.

c When this invention is used in rail way-cars,

the passages B are constructed between the inner and outer walls, andare made to communi- ,cate with the interior of such cars at thefloorlevel by means of open gratings, as in rooms, and lead to and openinto a space beneath the car-roof and above the inner ceiling, whichspace will form or constitute the expansionchamber G, the ventilatorbeing placed over an opening through the roof from the upper IIO .igflatlow roof might be so used, as it would not 7 part of such chamber, andwhen employed for the ventilation of the water-closets in railway-cars aclose water-tight receptacle for the reception of the excreta must beplaced beneath the seat, so that no air nor draftwill come in frombelow, but the draft will all take place from the closet down throughthe seatopening, then through an open space, (I, between the top of thereceptacle and the'under part of the seat, as in inside water-closets',and thence upward through separate ducts B, a separate expansionchamber, M, and finally through a separate ventilator, D, as in othercases, thus keeping the air in the closet perfectly pure and fresh. Theexcrementitious matters stored in these receptacles'may by some suitableprocess be emptied at stated times and places, as may be most convenientor desirable, and be disposed of for fertilizing purposes, instead ofbeing discharged, as usual, at random along the track and at depets, tocreate nuisances at many points.

In the ventilation of ships or vessels the ex-,

pansionchambe'r 0 would be formed by the deck and a ceiling beneath thedeck, and the passages or ducts B would be formed by the outer sides andthe inner sheathing or lining of the ship, the gratings a. beinginserted in such inner sheathing, near the bottom of the Told or thefloors of thecabins, so as to communicate with these passages B in thesame manner as has been shown with regard to rooms or buildings. Theventilator D may pass'up through a mast, or be fitted in any othersuitable manner above the deck. When applied to urinals, theair-passages B and expansion-chamber C are formed substantially ashereinbefore shown and described; but the opening into the air passageoccurs at a suitable height above the urinal, which is partly covered bya hood, N, designed to properly direct the current of air and theemanations from such urinal into such air-passage B, to be through itconveyed away into the open air, as in other cases described in thisspecification.

In executing any work necessary for the application of this system ofventilation, itis in dispensable that all floors, walls containing fluesor ducts, fittings, joints, or connections, should be made substantiallyair-tight, so that no air nor gas shall enter or escape from any fine,passage, duct, or air-chamber, whether connected with or designed toventilate rooms, halls, railway-cars, ships, urinals, or insidewaterclosets, except through the gratings, openings, or spacesespecially arranged and intended for the admission of either pure orfoul air, or of noxious gases into such fines, passages, ducts, orair-chambers, or for their discharge therefrom, to be thence finallyconveyed through the ventilator into'the open air. A failure to observethis injunction would defeat the purpose intended and render theinvention inoperative.

'Thefigures in the drawings sufficiently illustrate'the'application ofthis invention to railway-cars and'ships without further descriptionthan has already been given herein. All the parts or features used whenconstructing this pneumatic system. of yentilation for buildings areused in applying it to railwaycars and ships. The construction andapplication of the system, wherever used, are the same.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is

1. In buildings, dwelling-houses, and other apartments, the combination,with vertical draft-passages B, built between walls,andhavingpartitions 1) between different floors, of gratings a in thebase-boards, a vomitorium, O, in the attic, and a ventilator, D, abovethe roof, thereby creating an open communication between the severalapartmentsA and the me ternal atmosphere above the building, in order toobtain automatic ventilation thereof independently of artificial heatingapparatus, and at all times to obtain a downward draft of the vitiatedair until it has escaped through the gratings into the draft-passages,substantially as described.

2. In the ventilation of one or more watercloset rooms, E,within abuilding, the combination, with the vertical duct B, having partitions2) between different floors, of the bowl K, hermetically inclosed,except at the seatopening I, and with an air-space, d, between the bowland the seat G, a vomitorium in the attic, anda ventilator above theroof, in order to obtain automatic ventilation of p a waterclosetindependentlyof any artificial heatingapparatus, and at all times toobtainadownward draft through the seatopening, whereby to arresttheescape into the building of sewergas and effiuvia by deflecting the samethrough the air-space d into the duct B", to be thence dischargedthrough the vomitorium and ejector, substantially as described.

3. Ina building, the combination, with a ventilator, vomitorium, ductB", and one or more water-closets, of the several passages B andgratings a, communicating with one or several apartments, thus unitingthe watercloset ventilation with the ventilation of the entire building,in order to strengthen and maintain the downward draft through one ormore seat openings, I, and to increase the speed of the water-closetdraft, substantially as described.

4. In the ventilation of buildings employing an expansion-chamber, apartition, N, dividing said chamber into two compartments, whereby thegases escaping from the watercloset are separated from the foul airescaping from the rooms.

IOO

5. In the ventilation of buildings, the com- D, and a vomitorium dividedinto two eom- Ventilator, whereby automatic ventilation is partments bya partition, substantially as deeffected. I0

scribed. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my 6. In the ventilationof buildings, the Sevhand and seal. 5 eral air-ductsdivided between1510013 by suit- WILLIAM TALBOT GOTTIER. [u s.]

able partitions; and having independent grat- Attest: ingswhieh-communicate'with 1'00ms,in eom- W. B. MGOLELLAN, bination with anexpansionchamber and a WILLIAM E. BRIGGS.

